Malcolm X: May 19, 1925–Feb. 21, 1965

Tomorrow is the 39th anniversary of the assassination of Malcolm X, one of the greatest leaders this country saw in the last century.

On February 21, 1965, he was shot to death as he spoke before a packed audience in Harlem’s Audubon Ballroom. He was just 39 years old.

We turn now to a speech Malcolm X gave in Detroit just a year before he was gunned down. It is known as ‘The Ballot or the Bullet.’

• Malcolm X

Walter Robinson, Editor of the Pulitzer Prize winning Boston Globe Spotlight team. He has been reporting with the Globe for nearly three decades. Read his “original article.”

Christopher Scheer, Co-author of “The Five Biggest Lies Bush Told Us About Iraq.”

Rober Scheer, Columnist at the Los Angeles Times and co-author of “The Five Biggest Lies Bush Told Us About Iraq.”

MALCOLM X: Once you change your philosophy, you change your thought pattern. Once you change your thought pattern, you change your attitude. Once you change your attitude, it changes your behavior pattern. Then you go on into some action. As long as you have to sit-down philosophy, you will have a sit-down thought pattern. As long as you think that old sit-down thought, you will be in some kind of a sit-down action. They’ll have you sitting in everywhere. It’s not so good to refer to what you are going to do as a sit-in. That right there castrates you, right there it brings you down. What goes with it? Think of the image of someone sitting; an old woman can sit, an old man can sit. A chump can sit. A coward can sit. Anything can sit. Well, you and I have been sitting long enough, and it’s time today for us to start doing some standing and some fighting to back that up. When we look at other parts of this earth upon which we live. We find that black, brown, red, and yellow people in Africa and Asia are getting their independence. They are not getting it by singing, “we shall overcome.” No, they are getting it through nationalism. It is nationalism that brought about the independence of the people in Asia. Every nation in Asia gained its independence through the philosophy of nationalism. Every nation on the African continent that has gotten its independence brought it about through the philosophy of nationalism. It will take Black Nationalism to will bring about the freedom of 22 million Afro-Americans here in this country for we have suffered colonialism for the past 400 years.

America is just as much a colonial power as England ever was. America is just as much a colonial power as France ever was. In fact, America is more so a colonial power than they, because she is a hypocritical colonial power behind it. What do you call second-class citizenship? Why that’s colonization. Second class citizenship is nothing but 20th century slavery. How are you going to tell me you’re a second-class citizen. They don’t have second-class citizenship in any other government on this earth. They just have slaves and people who are free. Well, this country is a hypocrite. They try to make you think they set you free, by calling you a second-class citizen. No, you are nothing but a 20th century slave.

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