And also on this date, on Septemer 11, 1973, U.S.-backed Pinochet forces rose to power in Chile to overthrow the democratically elected Salvador Allende. Allende died in the presidential palace. On September 11, 1990, American anthropologist Myrna Mack was murdered by U.S.-backed Guatemalan security forces. On September 11, 1977, in South Africa, Steve Biko, founder of the black consciousness movement, was being beaten in the back of a van by apartheid forces. He died in the early morning hours of September 12, 1977. On September 11, 1993, in the midst of the U.S.-backed coup in Haiti, Antoine Izméry was dragged out of a church by coup forces and murdered in broad daylight. He had been commemorating a massacre of parishioners at the Saint-Jean Bosco Church that had occurred five years earlier on September 11, 1988. Father Jean-Bertrand Aristide had narrowly escaped death in that attack. He later became president of Haiti.